Market Value, Intrinsic Value and Investment Value
Equity valuation or the valuation of any asset is an art. Valuation is not a perfect science and there is no single correct answer to what the value of a security ought to be. Valuation is at best, an informed guess or an informed opinion. As such, when analysts use the term value, they might […]
Factors Affecting Selection of Sponsorship of Sports Event
In the previous few articles, we have already studied the pros and cons of sponsorship. However, we have come to the conclusion that the pros of sponsorship far outweigh the cons. This is the reason that corporate entities across the world are spending large sums of money in order to be associated with large sporting […]
What is Strategic Budgeting?
The budgeting process is an integral part of any business. The budgeting process is ubiquitous and underlies almost every decision in the corporate world. In fact, critics of the budgeting process argue that the process takes too much of the management’s time. The management typically spends 25% to 30% of four months of their time […]
Parties Involved in Infrastructure Debt Issuance
Bonds are commonly issued during infrastructure projects. The company holding the equity stake is generally the one issuing the bonds. This means that the company owning equity is the one actually borrowing money from the bondholders and, therefore, the one owing the money back. Even though the responsibility of repaying the loan lies with the […]
Bretton Woods Agreement and Smithsonian Agreement
The transition of the world monetary system from gold standard to the modern Forex markets was anything but smooth. Governments from all over the world collaborated to make two pacts which would form the basis of the modern monetary system. However, both the arrangements failed. In this article, we will have a closer look at […]
Following are the basic fundamental principles of Accounting:
Accounting needs all values to be recorded in terms of a single monetary unit. It cannot account for goods like the barter system.
Assigning values to goods and items therefore becomes a problem since it is subjective. However, accounting has prescribed rules to deal with the same.
A company is said to have an eternal existence. Once it is formed, the only way to end it is by dissolution. It does not die a natural death like humans do. Hence, accountants assume the going concern principle.
This principle implies that the firm will continue to do its business as usual till the end of the next accounting period and that there is no information to the contrary.
Because of the going concern principle, organizations can function on credit, account for accounts receivables and payables which intend to receive or pay in the future and charge depreciation assuming that the machine will be used for many years.
In case, the management has information that the operations will be suspended in the near future, normal accounting ceases. A special type of accounting meant for dissolution purpose is used.
Accountants are said to be very conservative by nature. They want to hope for the best and be prepared for the worst. This is displayed in the rules that they have created for their profession.
One of the central tenets of accounting is the principle of conservatism.
According to this principle, when there is doubt about the amount of expected inflows and outflows, the organization must state the lowest possible revenue and the highest possible costs.
This can be seen in the fact that accountants value inventory at lower of cost or market price. However, such conservatism helps the company be prepared for any forthcoming financial crises.
Closely related to the principle of conservatism is the cost principle. The cost principle advocates that companies should list everything on the financial statements at the cost price.
Usually assets like land and building, gold, etc appreciate. However, the accountants will not allow this appreciation to be reflected on the financial statements of the company till it is realized.
Accountants believe that the market value of anything is just an opinion. Accountants cannot account on the basis of opinions because there are many of them.
The selling price of something is a fact since someone has paid for it and the same can be verified. Hence accounting works on cost principle and therefore on facts.
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