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Pension funds are one of the most regulated financial investment vehicles in the world. Pension funds all over the world are subject to various types of restrictions. These restrictions affect every part of the pension funds’ operations. The governance mechanisms have to rigorously be followed while funds are being taken in, invested, accounted for, and […]
Black Wednesday of 1992: The Day the Pound Sterling Came Under Attack
The Black Wednesday of 1992 refers to the momentous day when the British Pound was under attack by currency speculators. This day created history in the Foreign Exchange markets because of the fact that the Pound was considered to be one of the strongest fiat currencies in the world. In fact it was the reserve […]
Financial Models for Startups
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Forex and Labor Arbitrage
Arbitrage was earlier restricted only to commodities that could be traded easily in the markets. It is a phenomenon born out of the financial markets. However, the recent developments in the world have created a situation wherein arbitrage has become possible even in the labor markets and this arbitrage is directly influenced by the Forex […]
The Optimal Size of a Sports League
There are a large number of sporting leagues around the world. However, when we study all the leagues, we find that each of them has around 10-20 members who are playing in the top professional class of leagues. There are very few events such as the FIFA World Cup soccer where 50+ teams participate in […]
Book building has been one of the most widely used methods in the underwriting process. However, over the years, companies have realized that the book-building process is largely controlled by the intermediaries, i.e., the investment banks! The investment banks are the ones building the books. Hence, they can easily control who gets in and at what price.
Over the years, many companies raising capital have alleged that investment banks are corrupt, and many of them do not work in the best interests of their clients. Many companies learned this the hard way. For instance, the technology company Netscape was priced at $28 per share during the IPO process. However, as soon as the share was listed, it zoomed to $75 per share! Similarly, twitter was priced at $26 per share, whereas it went up to $46 per share after listing. In essence, Twitter, Netscape, and many other companies like them were simply leaving money on the table! Instead of companies raising this money during the IPO, secondary market speculators were making humungous profits by flipping the shares.
Over the years, this has led investors to doubt the entire system. In the above case, either investment banks were completely ill-informed that they could not gauge the price for which the stocks could actually be sold. Or, they were hand-in-glove with the speculators and were not acting in the best interest of their clients. The loss of trust in the book building system has led companies to search for alternative modes of price discovery, and the Dutch Auction is one of those modes. In this article, we will have a closer look at what the dutch auction process is and how it helps to overcome the shortcomings of the book building process.
Over the years, many firms have alleged that investment banks collude with investment funds while selling shares during an IPO process. This is because these funds hire the services of these investment banks in other forms and often pay them millions of dollars throughout the year. Hence, even though the bank is charging money from the client, they are often just doing the bidding of the investment fund! These investment funds, in turn, buy at low prices offered by the banks and then flip the shares on the day of the IPO for a higher price. This is why there is so much trading seen on the day of the IPO. Almost all the shares change hands the day these companies get listed.
The end result is that the investment banker and the investor make a killing. On the other hand, the company loses money since it raises much less than it would otherwise have. Also, genuine retail investors lose money since they get to buy stocks only at inflated prices. The root of this problem is that the investment banker has a lot of control over the IPO price.
The Dutch auction process of underwriting helps in solving this problem. This is because it takes away some of the control that investment bankers have in the price-fixing process. As a part of the dutch auction, companies solicit bids from prospective investors. The final issue price is decided based on the actual bids received. Hence, the chances of mispricing happening are quite low.
Also, the dutch auction process has been designed in such a way that it encourages investors to bid higher prices and raises the proceeds of the IPO. Let us understand the Dutch auction process with the help of an example:
Example: Company A wants to sell 300 shares. It has asked investors to bid for the shares and has received four bids.
Notice that the company wants to sell 300 shares. Hence, if it were to sell only to investor B, its supply would not be exhausted. If it sells to C as well, then too, it sells 200 shares only. However, when the company sells to investor D, it ends up selling more than 300 shares. There are two points to be noted here.
The bottom line is that even though book building is still the most popular underwriting method today, it is facing competition from the Dutch auction method, which many believe is more popular.
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