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The Rise of Flat Tax
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Disadvantages of Job Order Costing System
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Single Stage FCFF Model to Equity Valuation
Just like we have the single stage Free Cash Flow to the Firm (FCFF) model, we also have the Free Cash Flow to Equity model. This model also is not used by analysts in advanced calculations. Rather it is used for the most rudimentary back of the envelope calculations for deriving the equity valuation of […]
How a Whatsapp Message Nearly Took Down a Company
Almost everybody knows that Whatsapp messages are often used to spread false information. A lot of times this information is related to politics. During election campaigns, politicians run concerted smear campaigns against their opponents using messaging services like Whatsapp. It is a known fact that in many terrorist attacks, Whatsapp has been used by the […]
Depreciation is an important concept in capital budgeting. This is because it is a non cash expense and ideally should not have any effect on the cash flows. This is the reason why it is added back during cash flow calculations.
Since the amount of depreciation never actually left our bank account in the form of expenses, we still have it in cash. So prima facie, it may appear like depreciation had no effect whatsoever. First, we deducted it while calculating the net income in the income statement. Then we added the same amount back while calculating cash flows, thus nullifying its effect.
However, there is more to depreciation. Depreciation affects cash flows in an indirect manner. The effect of the same has been described in this article.
It is true that depreciation is a non cash expense. However depreciation is tax deductible. So the amount of depreciation we pay affects the amount of taxes we pay. Remember while calculating net income we remove the depreciation and amortization figure from EBIDTA to arrive at Profit before Tax. This is the amount on which tax is levied and we get the Profit after Tax figure.
Therefore, the higher the depreciation amount, the lower will be the taxable profit and as a result the lower will be the amount paid as tax. Depreciation, therefore indirectly affects the cash flow by reducing the amount of taxes paid and hence a high depreciation may actually have a positive impact on the cash flows!
The exact amount of taxes that were reduced because of depreciation can be calculated. This is known as the depreciation tax shield. Let’s understand this with the help of an example:
| With Depreciation | Without Depreciation | |
| EBIDTA | $2000 | $2000 |
| Depreciation | $500 | $0 |
| PBT | $1500 | $2000 |
| Tax @ 40% | $600 | $800 |
| PAT | $900 | $1200 |
Now, as we can see that when we consider depreciation the tax paid is lower by $200 i.e. we pay $600 in taxes as opposed to $800. Therefore, $200 is the tax shield. However, we need not go through the entire calculation to come up with the amount of the tax shield.
The calculation can be simplified. We can consider that for every $1 that we have in depreciation, we have saved $0.40 in taxes. Thus to find out the amount of the tax shield all we need to do is multiply the amount of total depreciation by the ongoing tax rate.
Consider for example $500 * 0.40. This is equal to $200, which is the exact amount we derived from the lengthy calculation above.
We need to understand that the tax shield amount will vary with the depreciation amount.
So, accelerated depreciation methods will provide a higher tax shield upfront as compared to straight line methods. Also, since we are going to discount the values of these tax shields, the concept of time value of money applies. It is for this reason that accelerated method of depreciation will be preferred to straight line methods.
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