Time Study

1. It is a technique which enables the manager to ascertain standard time taken for performing a specified job.
2. Every job or every part of it is studied in detail.
3. This technique is based on the study of an average worker having reasonable skill and ability.
4. Average worker is selected and assigned the job and then with the help of a stop watch, time is ascertained for performing that particular job.
5. Taylor maintained that Fair day’s work should be determined through observations, experiment and analysis by keeping in view an average worker.

   Standard Time × Working Hours = Fair Day’s Work

Motion Study

1. In this study, movement of body and limbs required to perform a job are closely observed.
2. In other words, it refers to the study of movement of an operator on machine involved in a particular task.
3. The purpose of motion study is to eliminate useless motions and determine the bet way of doing the job.
4. By undertaking motion study an attempt is made to know whether some elements of a job can be eliminated combined or their sequence can be changed to achieve necessary rhythm.
5. Motion study increases the efficiency and productivity of workers by cutting down all wasteful motions.

Functional Foremanship

1. Taylor advocated functional foremanship for achieving ultimate specification.
2. This technique was developed to improve the quality of work as single supervisor may not be an expert in all the aspects of the work.
3. Therefore workers are to be supervised by specialist foreman.
4. The scheme of functional foremanship is an extension of principle pf specialization at the supervisory level.
5. Taylor advocated appointment of 8 foramen, 4 at the planning level other 4 at implementation level.
6. The names function of these specialist foremen are: –
   • Instruction card clerk concerned with tagging down of instructions according to which workers are required to perform their job
   • Time cost clerk is concerned with setting a time table for doing a job specifying the material and labor cost involved in it.
   • Route clerk determines the route through which raw materials has to be passed.
   • Shop Disciplinarians are concerned with making rules and regulations to ensure discipline in the organization.
   • Gang boss makes the arrangement of workers, machines, tools, workers etc.
   • Speed boss concerned with maintaining the speed and to remove delays in the production process.
   • Repair boss concerned with maintenance of machine, tools and equipments.
   • Inspector is concerned with maintaining the quality of product.

Standardization

1. It implies the physical attitude of products should be such that it meets the requirements needs of customers.
2. Taylor advocated that tools equipments as well as working conditions should be standardized to achieve standard output from workers.
3. Standardization is a means of achieving economics of production.
4. It seems to ensure –
   • The line of product is restricted to predetermined type, form, design, size, weight, quality. Etc
   • There is manufacture of identical parts and components.
   • Quality standards have been maintained.
   • Standard of performance are established for workers at all levels.

Differential Piece Wage Plan

1. This tech of wage payment is based on efficiency of worker.
2. The efficient workers are paid more wages than inefficient one.
3. On the other hand, those workers who produce less than standard no. of pieces are paid wages at lower rate than prevailing rate i.e. worker is penalized for his inefficiency.
4. This system is a source of incentive to workers who improving their efficiency in order to get more wages.
5. It also encourages inefficient workers to improve their performance and achieve their standards.
6. It leads to mass production which minimizes cost and maximizes profits.

Other Techniques

1. Various other techniques have been developed to create ordeal relationship between management and workers and also to create better understanding on part of works.
2. Those includes use of instruction cards, strict rules regulations, graphs, slides, charts etc, so as to increase efficiency of workers.

The post Techniques of Scientific Management appeared first on Management Study Guide.

Development of Science for each part of men’s job (replacement of rule of thumb)

1. This principle suggests that work assigned to any employee should be observed, analyzed with respect to each and every element and part and time involved in it.
2. This means replacement of odd rule of thumb by the use of method of enquiry, investigation, data collection, analysis and framing of rules.
3. Under scientific management, decisions are made on the basis of facts and by the application of scientific decisions.

Scientific Selection, Training Development of Workers

1. There should be scientifically designed procedure for the selection of workers.
2. Physical, mental other requirement should be specified for each and every job.
3. Workers should be selected trained to make them fit for the job.
4. The management has to provide opportunities for development of workers having better capabilities.
5. According to Taylor efforts should be made to develop each employee to his greatest level and efficiency prosperity.

Co-operation between Management workers or Harmony not discord

1. Taylor believed in co-operation and not individualism.
2. It is only through co-operation that the goals of the enterprise can be achieved efficiently.
3. There should be no conflict between managers workers.
4. Taylor believed that interest of employer employees should be fully harmonized so as to secure mutually understanding relations between them.

Division of Responsibility

1. This principle determines the concrete nature of roles to be played by different level of managers workers.
2. The management should assume the responsibility of planning the work whereas workers should be concerned with execution of task.
3. Thus planning is to be separated from execution.

Mental Revolution

1. The workers and managers should have a complete change of outlook towards their mutual relation and work effort.
2. It requires that management should create suitable working condition and solve all problems scientifically.
3. Similarly workers should attend their jobs with utmost attention, devotion and carefulness. They should not waste the resources of enterprise.
4. Handsome remuneration should be provided to workers to boost up their moral.
5. It will create a sense of belongingness among worker.
6. They will be disciplined, loyal and sincere in fulfilling the task assigned to them.
7. There will be more production and economical growth at a faster rate.

Maximum Prosperity for Employer Employees

1. The aim of scientific management is to see maximum prosperity for employer and employees.
2. It is important only when there is opportunity for each worker to attain his highest efficiency.
3. Maximum output optimum utilization of resources will bring higher profits for the employer better wages for the workers.
4. There should be maximum output in place of restricted output.
5. Both managers workers should be paid handsomely.

The post Principles of Scientific Management appeared first on Management Study Guide.

1. Management principles are applicable to all kinds of organizations – business non business.
2. They are applicable to all levels of management.
3. Every organization must make best possible use by the use of management principles.
4. Therefore, they are universal or all pervasive.

1. Management principles are dynamic guidelines and not static rules.
2. There is sufficient room for managerial discretion i.e. they can be modified as per the requirements of the situation.
3. Modification improvement is a continuous phenomenon in case of principles of management.

1. Principles of management indicate cause and effect relationship between related variables.
2. They indicate what will be the consequence or result of certain actions. Therefore, if one is known, the other can be traced.

1. Human behavior is complex and unpredictable.
2. Management principles are directed towards regulating human behavior so that people can give their best to the organization.
3. Management is concerned with integrating efforts and harmonizing them towards a goal.
4. But in certain situations even these principles fail to understand human behavior.

1. All management principles are equally important.
2. No particular principle has greater importance than the other.
3. They are all required together for the achievement of organizational goals.

The post Features of Principles of Management appeared first on Management Study Guide.